Diagnostics, treatment and rehabilitation of testicular torsion in children (literature review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15574/PS.2021.71.63Keywords:
testicular torsion, differential diagnosis, orchiopexy, endoprosthesisAbstract
Testiculat torsion (TT) is an emergency condition that is accompanied by partial or complete chorda spermatica vessels compression resulting in testicular infraction. TT main symptoms are sharp pain, scrotal hyperemia, generalized edema, nausea, vomiting and unconsciousness. However, these symptoms are characteristic of many other acute diseases of genital gland. In course of time the symptoms are less defined, which in its turn raises the issue of timely differential diagnostics.
Purpose – to optimize and generalize about modern literature data on testicular torsion in children diagnostics, treatment and rehabilitation.
Medical history taking, considering clinical data and checking the symptoms typical for PP during diagnostic process is crucial. It is important to use instrumental diagnostic methods, with echographic and scyntigraphic ones to be the main ones. After having confirmed PP diagnosis, treatment has to be started immediately. There are two methods of testicular detorsion, i.e. manual bloodless detorsion and invasive detorsion with further orchiopexy. Post-surgical phase is significant for preserving the patient’s fertility in the future. Post-TT rehabilitation includes medication, physiotherapeutic procedures, genital gland fixing from contralateral side, and, in case of testicle loss through non-timely treatment, testicle endoprosthesing.
Testicular torsion is a complicated and understudied issue. Critical ischemia sets on in 12–16 hours from the onset of disease. As of today, the issue of diagnostics, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with acute testicular torsion has not been studied completely and requires further study.
No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.
References
Aboev ZA. (2001). Ostrye zabolevaniya organov moshonki.Klinika, diagnostika i lechenie: Avtoref. Dis.kand. Med Nauk. M.
Artyuhin AA. (2004). Anatomo-fiziologicheskie i klinicheskie aspekty osobennostej arterial’noj sistemy yaichka. Rossijskij mediko-biologicheskij vestnik im. Akademika I.P. Pavlova. 1–2: 41–53.
Avrasin AL, Rumyanceva GN, Kartashev VN, Chimegne ZH. (2002). Patent na izobretenie RUS 2231306 24.12.2002.
Bashir M, Davlicarov MA, Cybin AA, Degtyarev PYU, Vajs AV, Savin SV. (2021). Klinicheskoe proyavlenie perekruta oboih yaichek u novorozhdyonnogo. Detskaya hirurgiya. 25 (1): 22.
Belyaeva NA, Okunev NA, Putyajkin AA, Okuneva AI. (2021). Analiz Ul’trazvukovyh izmenenij pri ostryh zabolevaniyah moshonki u detej. Detskaya hirurgiya. 25 (1): 24.
Belyj LE. (2011). Invertedtestis: pathogenesis, diagnostics, treatment. Sibirskoe medicinskoe obozrenie. 2 (68): 11–17.
Belyj LE. (2014). Etiologiya i anatomicheskie predposylki razvitiya perekruta yaichka. Teoreticheskie i prikladnye aspekty sovremennoj nauki. 2–3: 98–101.
Bolotov YUN, Minaev SV, Al’bert AE, Korol’kov AS. (2012). Ocenka effektivnosti lechebno-diagnosticheskogo algoritma pri ostryh zabolevaniyah yaichka u detej. Medicinskij vestnik Severnogo Kavkaza. 27 (3): 53–56.
Bolotov YUN. (2014). Ostrye zabolevaniya yaichka u detej 2014: 80–86.
Broberick KM, Martin BG, Herndon CD, Joseph DB, Kitchens DM. (2013). The current state of surgical practice for neonatal torsion: a survey of pediatric urologists. J Pediatr Urol. 10: 339–342. doi. org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2012.12.010.
Burusov A. (2017). Perekrut yaichka – kak prohodit operaciya? Enciklopediya muzhskogo zdorov’ya i ne tol’ko. URL: Https://viva-man.ru/drugie-bolezni/perekrut-yaichka-kak-prohodit-operatsiya/#main.
Bychkov VA, Kirpatovskij ID, Voronyuk GM i dr. (2006). Otdalennye rezul’taty hirurgicheskogo lecheniya ostryh zabolevanij yaichek u detej. Trudnyj pacient. 6 (4): 31–36.
Davidov MI, Dyabkina OV. (2016). Ostrye zabolevaniya organov moshonki netravmaticheskogo geneza u detej shkol’nogo vozrasta. Medicinskij al’manah. 2 (42): 87–90. https://doi.org/10.21145/2499-9954-2016-2-87-90
Davidov MI, Kubarikov PG. (1991). Sposob endoprotezirovaniya yaichek posle subkapsulyarnoj orhiektomii. Nomer patentu SU1671273A1.
Delyagin VM, Tarusin DI, Urazbagambetov Altaj. (2014). Ul’trazvukovye issledovaniya pri patologii organov moshonki. Reproduktivnoe zdorov’e detej i podrostkov. 3: 61–69.
Derchi LE et al. (2017). Ostrye zabolevaniya organov moshonki (sindrom ostroj moshonki). URL: https://rh.ua/ru/statti/ostryezabolevaniya-organov-moshonki-sindrom-ostroj-moshonki/.
Ergashev NSH, Hakomov TP. (2010). Diagnostika i taktika lecheniya pri sindrome otechnoj moshonki u detej. Detskaya hirurgiya. 14 (3): 23–26.
Fajzulaev DA. (2019). Optimizaciya diagnostiki, lecheniya i otdalennye rezul’taty ostryh zabolevanij yaichka u detej. Dissert. kand med nauk.
Garel L, Dubois J, Azzie G et al. (2000). Preoperative manual detorsion of the spermatic cord with Doppler ultrasound monitoring in patients with intravaginal acute testicular torsion. Pediatr Radiol. 30 (1): 41–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002470050012; PMid:10663509.
Gerіch ІD, Hіmіch SD, Barvins’ka GS. (2016). Ivano-Frankovskij nacional’nyj medicinskij universitet. Simptomi і sindromi v hіrurgії: 304. ISBN: 978-617-505-445-1.
Grigor’eva MV, Gasanova EN, Sonina MI, Saruhanyan OO, Ahadov TA. (2014). Ostrye zabolevaniya i travma organov moshonki u detej. Medicinskij alfavit. 1 (5): 58–60.
Grigor'eva MV, Saruhanyan OO, Gasanova EN, Teleshov NV, Batunina IV. (2019). Oshibki diagnostiki perekruta yaichka u detej. Detskaya hirurgiya. 23 (3): 150-153. https://doi.org/10.18821/1560-9510-2019-23-3-150-153
Kalinina SN, Fesenko VN, Burlaka OO, Moshirev MV, Aleksandrov MS, Madzhidov SA, Vydrin PS. (2019). Taktika lecheniya bol'nyh pri perekrute yaichka. Urologicheskie vedomosti. 9 (1): 5-10. https://doi.org/10.17816/uroved915-10
Kiesling Jr VJ, Schroeder DE, Pauljev P, Hull J. (1984). Spermatic cord block and manual reduction: primary theatment for spermatic cord torsion. J Urol. 132 (5): 921-923. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)49947-2
Komarova SYU, Cap NA, Сhukreev VI. (2016). Osobennosti konservativnoj i operativnoj taktiki pri perekrute yaichka. Detskaya hirurgiya. 20 (4): 185–188.
Maksimov AV. (2008). Skrotoskopiya – novyj metod diagnostiki i lecheniya sindroma otechnoj moshonki u detej. Yakutskij medicinskij zhurnal: 23–24.
Migel’ AV, Shancyn VV, Melihova IS, Karpov GV, Ermolaeva TA. (2014). Ostrye zabolevaniya yaichek u detej, taktika vedeniya bol’nyh i rezul’taty lecheniya. Tol’yattinskij medicinskij konsilium. 3–4: 115–121.
Mokanov KP. (2021) Perekrut yaichka. Perekrut yaichka u novorozhdennyh. URL: https://medbe.ru/materials/anomalii-i-patologii/perekrut-yaichka-perekrut-yaichka-unovorozhdennykh/.
Morozov VI, Pospelov MS, Amerhanov NZ, Kutluyulova LK. (2020). Oslozhnennoe techenie perekruta yaichka u rebenka. Rossijskij vestnik perinatologii i pediatrii. 65 (5): 223–226.
Nechiporenko NA. (2012). Neotlozhnye sostoyaniya v urologii. Minsk. Vyshejshaya shkola: 273–281. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2020-65-5-223-226
Ol’hova EB, Polyakova EV, Simonova TV, YUtkina MS, Krylova EM. (2019). Vozmozhnosti ekhografii v diagnostike redkih zabolevanij organov moshonki u detej. Detskaya hirurgiya. 23 (1S3): 48.
Parilova EM. (2021). Simptomy i lechenie perekruta yaichka u rebenka. Pediatrio. URL: https://pediatrio.ru/p/perekrut-yaichka/simptomy-u-rebenka-2.html.
Petrova MG. (2014). Teoreticheskie i prikladnye aspekty sovremennoj nauki: sbornik nauchnyh trudov po materialam III Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii 30 sentyabrya 2014: v 5 ch. 2: 98–102.
Rayanova RN, Konovalov SA, Rayanov NV, Latypova LF, Rayanov RN. (2020). Sluchaj vnutriutrobnogo perekruta yaichka u novorozhdennogo. Vestnik chelyabinskoj oblastnoj klinicheskoj bol’nicy. 2 (48): 26–29.
Rossant–Lumbroso J, Rossant L. (2020). La torsion du testicule: causes, symptomes et traitement. Doctissimo. www.doctissimo.fr/html/sante/encyclopedie/sa_1158_torsion_testic.htm.
Rudenko DM, Skobeyus ІA, Strockij OV. (2015). Cindrom «ostroj moshonki» u detej. Ministerstvo zdravoohraneniya respubliki belarus’ belorusskij gosudarstvennyj medicinskij universitetkafedra urologii: 16.
Rumyanceva GN, Kartashev VN, Avrasin AL, Сhimenge ZH. (2004). Lechebnaya taktika pri zavorote yaichka u detej. 3-j kongress «Sovremennye tekhnologii v pediatrii i detskoj hirurgii». M.: 556.
Salopenkova AB, Proshchenko YAN. (2015). Diagnostika ishemii yaichka u detej. Detskaya hirurgiya. 19 (6): 46–50.
Shchedrov DN. (2019). Sostoyanie reproduktivnogo zdorov’ya pacientov, perenesshih perekrut yaichka v detskom vozraste. Dissertaciya na soiskanie uchenoj stepeni doktora medicinskih nauk. Federal’noe gosudarstvenno byudzhetnoe obrazovatel’noe uchrezhdenie vysshego obrazovaniya «Yaroslavskij gosudarstvennyj medicinskij universitet» Ministerstva zdravoohraneniya
Rossijskoj Federacii: 38.
Shenot JP, Kimmel S. (2019). Troubles peniens et scrotaux. Torsion testiculaire. Le Manuel MSD. Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University. URL: https://www.merckmanuals.com/fr‑ca/professional/troubles-g%C3%A9nito-urinaires/troublesp%C3%A9niens-et-scrotaux/torsion-testiculaire#.
Sherry S, Ross MD. (2014). Pediatric Urology for the PrimaryCare Physician: 175–181. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-243-821.
Shormanov IS, Shchedrov DN, Kulikov SV, Komarova SYU, Sizonov VV, Kagancov IM, Sablin DE, Markov NV, Sobolevskij AA, Polyakov PN, Okopnyj KYU. (2018). Opyt protezirovaniya yaichka v detskom i podrostkovom vozraste: rezul’taty mul’ticentrovogo issledovaniya. Eksperimental’naya i klinicheskaya urologiya. 3: 84–90.
Shormanov IS, Shchedrov DN. (2017). Spornye voprosy hirurgicheskoj taktiki pri zavorote yaichka v detskom vozraste (obzor literatury). Eksperimental’naya i klinicheskaya urologiya. 3: 114–120.
Shormanov IS, Shchedrov DN. (2018). Osobennosti protezirovaniya yaichka u pacientov, perenesshih orhektomiyu, v aspekte mediko-social'noj reabilitacii. Urologicheskie vedomosti. 2: 43-52.https://doi.org/10.17816/uroved8243-52
Shormanov IS, Shchedrov DN. (2018). Zakrytaya manual'naya detorsiya pri zavorote yaichka u detej. Urologicheskie vedomosti. 1: 34-39. https://doi.org/10.17816/uroved8134-39
Tereshchenko AE, Сhernyshov VP, Zinchenko AN. (1986). Immunologicheskie narusheniya pri perekrute yaichka u detej. Vest, hirurgii im. I.I. Grekova. 5: 103–105.
Tiktinskij OL, Kalinina SN, Mihajlichenko VV. (2010). Andrologiya. M.: MIA: 576.
Ural’skij gosudarstvennyj medicinskij universitet. (2015). Differencial’naya diagnostika razlichnyh form ostryh zabolevanij organov moshonki: 15.
Veselij SV, YUdіn OІ, Veselij MYU. (2017). Anatomіya, fіzіologіya, klіnіchnі proyavi ta lіkuvannya perekrutu yaєchka v dіtej (oglyad lіteraturi). Zdorov’e rebenka. 12 (5): 623–630.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The policy of the Journal “PAEDIATRIC SURGERY. UKRAINE” is compatible with the vast majority of funders' of open access and self-archiving policies. The journal provides immediate open access route being convinced that everyone – not only scientists - can benefit from research results, and publishes articles exclusively under open access distribution, with a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 international license(СС BY-NC).
Authors transfer the copyright to the Journal “PAEDIATRIC SURGERY.UKRAINE” when the manuscript is accepted for publication. Authors declare that this manuscript has not been published nor is under simultaneous consideration for publication elsewhere. After publication, the articles become freely available on-line to the public.
Readers have the right to use, distribute, and reproduce articles in any medium, provided the articles and the journal are properly cited.
The use of published materials for commercial purposes is strongly prohibited.
