Morphofunctional changes of the testis under the influence of exogenous factors: pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical significance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15574/PS.2025.4(89).123129Keywords:
testis, exogenous factors, morphological changes, oxidative stress, spermatogenesis, childhoodAbstract
Репродуктивне здоров’я чоловіків формується ще в дитячому і підлітковому віці та є надзвичайно чутливим до впливу екзогенних чинників. До таких чинників належать хімічні агенти (важкі метали, пестициди), фізичні фактори (гіпертермія, іонізуюче випромінювання, електромагнітні поля), психоактивні речовини та алкоголь. Вони викликають розвиток оксидативного стресу, апоптозу, порушення мікроциркуляції, деструкцію клітин Сертолі й Лейдіга, що призводить до зниження сперматогенної активності й формування гіпогонадизму.
Мета - узагальнити сучасні експериментальні й клінічні дані щодо морфологічних і функціональних змін яєчка під впливом екзогенних чинників з урахуванням вікових особливостей.
Проведено систематичний аналіз сучасних наукових публікацій, індексованих у базах «PubMed», «Scopus», «Web of Science» і «Google Scholar». Встановлено, що дія кадмію, свинцю, органофосфатів, хронічного алкоголізму, опіоїдів і гіпертермії супроводжується типовими структурними змінами - вакуолізацією цитоплазми клітин Сертолі, набряком інтерстицію, атрофією звивистих канальців і редукцією клітин Лейдіга. Порушення терморегуляції, іонізуюча радіація та механічні травми додатково спричиняють руйнування гемато-тестикулярного бар’єра й активації імунного ушкодження гермінативного епітелію.
Висновки. Екзогенні чинники чинять універсальний негативний вплив на морфофункціональний стан яєчка, реалізуючись через оксидативний стрес, апоптоз і порушення ендокринної регуляції. Ці процеси набувають особливого клінічного значення в період росту й статевого дозрівання, що потребує підвищеної уваги до профілактики, ранньої діагностики та корекції уражень репродуктивної системи в дітей і підлітків.
Автор заявляє про відсутність конфлікту інтересів.
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