Features of upper limb bone development in human embryos and fetuses
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15574/PS.2026.1(90).1421Keywords:
humerus, forearm bones, hand, embryogenesis, embryoAbstract
The main stages of formation and ossification of the human upper limb bones during the embryonic and early fetal periods have been determined. The temporal framework and morphological changes significant for the diagnosis of normal and pathological fetal development have been outlined.
Aim - to identify the specific features of the formation and development of the bones of the upper limb during the embryonic and pre-fetal periods of human ontogenesis in order to assess osteogenesis under normal conditions and to diagnose forms of ossification anomalies and skeletal dysplasias.
Materials and methods. The study was based on serial histological sections of 17 human embryos and early fetuses aged 4-12 weeks (parieto-coccygeal length: 5.0-79.0 mm). Microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction were used to analyze morphological features of upper limb bone development.
Results. The morphogenesis of human upper limb bones was examined during the embryonic (4-6 weeks) and early fetal (7-12 weeks) periods. The stages of appearance and remodeling of cartilaginous and osseous primordia, along with changes in their shape and topography, were identified. The onset of ossification and the growth patterns of the diaphyses and epiphyses of the humerus, ulna, and radius were determined.
Conclusions. The formation of the upper limb bones follows a well-defined sequence, beginning with the development of cartilaginous models, followed by gradual differentiation and ossification. Primary ossification centers appear in the diaphyses at 8-9 weeks, coinciding with intensive limb growth. The identified developmental patterns may be applied in medico-biological expertise and for refining the normal parameters of prenatal development.
No conflict of interest was declared by authors.
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